Adverbial Clauses

A.  Definition of adverbial Clause

An adverbial clause is a dependent clause that functions as an adverb. In other words, it contains a subject (explicit or implied) and a predicate, and it modifies a verb

B.  Formula of Adverbial Clause in general

Subject + predicet + conj + subject + predicet.

But sometimes conjuction can also be placed at the beginning of sntence.

Example :
- I met her when + was walking to school.
- As he was sick, he went to she doctor.

- I can’t go out because my mother is sick.

C.  Kind of adverbial Clauses

1. Adverbial Clause of Time

These clauses are used to say when something happens by referring to a period of time or to another event.

Common conjuctions :

when, before, after, since, while, as, as long as, until,till, etc. (conjunctions that answer the question "when?"); hardly, scarcely, no sooner, etc.

Example :

- He was talking on the phone when I arrived.

- She began cooking while I was finishing my homework.

- We waited until he finished his homework.

2.  Adverbial Clause of Condition

These clauses are used to talk about a possible or counterfactual situation and its consequences.

Common Conjunctions :

if, unless, lest

Example :

-      If they lose weight during an illness, they soon regain it afterwards.

-      If you help me, I shall be happy.

-      Unless you tell her about your love, she won’t know it

3.  Adverbial Clause of Purpose

These clauses are used to indicate the purpose of an action.

Common Conjuctions :

in order to, so that, in order that

Example :

-      They had to take some of his land so that they could extend the churchyard

4.  Adverbial Clause of Reason

These clauses are used to indicate the reason for something.

Common Conjunction :

because, since, as, given

Example :

-      I couldn't feel anger against him because I liked him too much.

-      Since she has a desire to marry, she discontinued her studing.

5.  Adverbial Clause of Result

These clauses are used to indicate the result of something

Common Conjunctions :

So...that

Example :

-      My suitcase had become so damaged on the journey home that the lid would not stay closed.

-      He studies so hard that many studienst like him.

6.  Advervial Clause of Concessive

These clauses are used to make two statements, one of which contrasts with the other or makes it seem surprising.

Common Conjnctions :

although, though, while

Example :

-      I used to read a lot although I don't get much time for books now

7.  Adverbial Clause of Manner

These clauses are used to talk about someone's behaviour or the way something is done

Common Conjunctions :

as, like, the way

Example :

-      I was never allowed to do things as I wanted to do them.

8.  Adverbial Clause of Place

These clauses are used to talk about the location or position of something.

Common conjunctions :

where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere, etc. (conjunctions that answer the question "where?")

Example :

-      Rina said she was happy where she was.

Exercise :

1.     Mention 2 another example of adverbial clause of time!

2.    Mention 2 another example of adverbial clause of Reason

Answer :

1.     a. When Fanny returned, she found Tom Bertram very ill.

b. As I was finishing my homework, she began cooking.

2.    a. I drank some boiling water because I wanted to whistle.

b. I read the book because I was curious with it story.

Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverbial_clause

Direct and Indirect Speech

DIRECT AND REPORTED SPEECH

You can answer the question "What did he/she say?" in two ways:

        by repeating the words spoken (direct speech)

        by reporting the words spoken (indirect or reported speech).

Direct Speech
Direct speech repeats, or quotes, the exact words spoken. When we use direct speech in writing, we place the words spoken between inverted commas ("....") and there is no change in these words. We may be reporting something that's being said NOW (for example a telephone conversation), or telling someone later about a previous conversation

Examples:

She says "What time will you be home?"
She said "What time will you be home?"
and I said "I don't know! "
"There's a fly in my soup!" screamed Simone.
John said, "There's an elephant outside the window."

Reported Speech
Reported speech is usually used to talk about the past, so we normally change the tense of the words spoken. We use reporting verbs like 'say', 'tell', 'ask', and we may use the word 'that' to introduce the reported words. Inverted commas are not used.

She said, "I saw him." She said that she had seen him.

a.      'That' may be omitted:
She told him that she was happy.
She told him she was happy.

b.     'Say' and 'tell':
Use 'say' when there is no indirect object:
He said that he was tired.

Always use 'tell' when you say who was being spoken to (i.e. with an indirect object):
He told me that he was tired.
'Talk' and 'speak' are used:
- to describe the action of communicating:
He talked to us.
She was speaking on the telephone.
- with 'about' to refer to what was said:
He talked (to us) about his parents.

REPORTED SPEECH

HOPES, INTENTIONS, PROMISES

When we report an intention, hope or promise, we use an appropriate reporting verb followed by a that-clause or a to-infinitive:

"I'll pay you the money tomorrow."
He promised to pay me the money the next day.
He promised that he would pay me the money the next day.

Other verbs used in this pattern include:
hope, propose, threaten, guarantee, swear.

Examples:

a.      "I'll be back by lunchtime."
He promised to be back by lunchtime.
He promised that he would be back by lunchtime.

b.     "We should arrive in London before nightfall."
They hoped to arrive in London before nightfall.
They hoped they would arrive in London before nightfall.

c.      "Give me the keys to the safe or I'll shoot you!"
He threatened to shoot me if I didn't give him the keys to the safe.
He threatened that he would shoot me if I didn't give him the keys to the safe.

REPORTED SPEECH

ORDERS, REQUESTS, SUGGESTIONS
1. When we want to report an order or request, we can use a verb like 'tell' with a to-clause.

Examples:

He told me to go away.
The pattern is verb + indirect object + to-clause.
(The indirect object is the person spoken to.)

Other verbs used to report orders and requests in this way are: command, order, warn, ask, advise, invite, beg, teach, forbid.

Examples:

a.    The doctor said to me, "Stop smoking!".
The doctor told me to stop smoking.

b. "Get out of the car!" said the policeman.
The policeman ordered him to get out of the car.

c. "Could you please be quiet," she said.
She asked me to be quiet.

d. The man with the gun said to us, "Don't move!"
The man with the gun warned us not to move.

(See also section on Verbs followed by infinitive and Verbs followed by gerund)

2. Requests for objects are reported using the pattern
ask + for + object: Examples:

a. "Can I have an apple?", she asked. She asked for an apple.
b. "Can I have the newspaper, please?"
He asked for the newspaper.
c. "May I have a glass of water?" he said.
He asked for a glass of water.
d. "Sugar, please."
She asked for the sugar.
e. "Could I have three kilos of onions?"
He asked for three kilos of onions.

3. Suggestions are usually reported with a that-clause. 'That' and 'should' are optional in these clauses:

She said: "Why don't you get a mechanic to look at the car?" She suggested that I should get a mechanic to look at the car. OR She suggested I get a mechanic to look at the car.

Other reporting verbs used in this way are: insist, recommend, demand, request, propose.

Examples:

a. "It would be a good idea to see the dentist", said my mother. My mother suggested I see the dentist.

b. The dentist said, "I think you should use a different toothbrush". The dentist recommended that I should use a different toothbrush.

c. My manager said, "I think we should examine the budget carefully at this meeting." My manager proposed that we examine the budget carefully at the meeting.

d. "Why don't you sleep overnight at my house?" she said. She suggested that I sleep overnight at her house.

Notes:

Suggest can also be followed by a gerund: I suggested postponing the visit to the dentist.

REPORTED SPEECH

QUESTIONS

1. Normal word order is used in reported questions, that is, the subject comes before the verb, and it is not necessary to use 'do' or'did':

"Where does Peter live?" She asked him where Peter lived.

2. Yes / no questions: This type of question is reported by using 'ask' + 'if / whether + clause:

a. "Do you speak English?" He asked me if I spoke English.

b. "Are you British or American?" He asked me whether I was British or American.

c. "Is it raining?" She asked if it was raining.

d. "Have you got a computer?" He wanted to know whether I had a computer.

e. "Can you type?" She asked if I could type.

f. "Did you come by train?" He enquired whether I had come by train.

g. "Have you been to Bristol before?" She asked if I had been to Bristol before.

3. Question words:
This type of question is reported by using 'ask' (or another verb like 'ask') + question word + clause. The clause contains the question, in normal word order and with the necessary tense change.

Examples:

a.    "What is your name?" he asked me. He asked me what my name was.

b. "How old is your mother?", he asked. He asked how old her mother was.

b.    The mouse said to the elephant, "Where do you live?" The mouse asked the elephant where she lived.

d. "What time does the train arrive?" she asked. She asked what time the train arrived.

e. "When can we have dinner?" she asked. She asked when they could have dinner.

f. The elephant said to the mouse, "Why are you so small?" The elephant asked the mouse why she was so small.

REPORTED SPEECH

TENSE CHANGES

Normally, the tense in reported speech is one tense back in time from the tense in direct speech:

She said, "I am tired." She said that she was tired.

The changes are shown below:

Simple present		Simple past
"I always drink coffee", she said		She said that she always drank coffee.
Present continuous		Past continuous
"I am reading a book", he explained.		He explained that he was reading a book
Simple past		Past perfect
"Bill arrived on Saturday", he said.		He said that Bill had arrived on Saturday
Present perfect		Past perfect
"I have been to Spain", he told me.		He told me that he had been to Spain
Past perfect		Past perfect
"I had just turned out the light," he explained.		He explained that he had just turned out the light.
Present perfect continuous		Past perfect continuous
They complained, "We have been waiting for hours".		They complained that they had been waiting for hours.
Past continuous		Past perfect continuous
"We were living in Paris", they told me.		They told me that they had been living in Paris.
Future		Present conditional
"I will be in Geneva on Monday", he said		He said that he would be in Geneva on Monday.
Future continuous		Conditional continuous
She said, "I'll be using the car next Friday".		She said that she would be using the car next Friday.

Adverb of time and place :

Direct Speech this = ini these = ini come = datang here hence hither ago now today tomorrow yesterday last night next week thus Example : He said, “I will come here”.

Indirect Speech that = itu those = itu go = pergi there thence thither before then that day next day the previous day the previous night the following week so He said that he would go there

NOTE:

1. You do not need to change the tense if the reporting verb is in the present, or if the original statement was about something that is still true, e.g.

He says he has missed the train but he'll catch the next one.
We explained that it is very difficult to find our house.

2. These modal verbs do not change in reported speech:
might, could, would, should, ought to, e.g.

We explained that it could be difficult to find our house.
She said that she might bring a friend to the party.

Exercise :

1.     Change these sentences into indirect speech !

a.    she will tell me,’I am ready to come with you.’

b.    Ratna said to annis ,’ what are you doing ?’

c.    She has told you, ” I am reading “.

2.    Change these sentences into direct speech!

a.    She says to her friend that he has been writing

b.    She will tell them that the boy wasn’t lazy

c.    He advised her son to study hard

Answer :

1.     a.  she will tell me that she is ready to come with me.

b.  Ratna asked annis what she was doing

c.  She has told you that he is reading

2.    a. She says to her friend, ” I have been writing “.

b.  She will say,” The boy wasn’t lazy

c.  She said to her son, “Study hard!”

Pandangan Mengenai Housekeeping Department

Dari sekian banyak pekerjaan yang diminati di bidang perhotelan, ada satu departemen yang ternyata tidak begitu banyak menarik perhatian para kalangan muda yang ingin melanjutkan sekolah di dunia perhotelan. yaitu Housekeeping.

Housekeeping atau dalam bahasa Indonesia disebut Tata Graha merupakan salah satu departemen yang berada di dalam divisi yang disebut Room Division atau Divisi Kamar. Departemen lain yang berada dalam Divisi Kamar adalah Front office atau Kantor Depan. Jadi ketika akan mengambil suatu pilihan, daftar Housekeeping tidak tertera, melainkan nama Rooms Division yang terdapat di daftar selain Food and Beverage Service, Food & Beverage Product, Bakery and Pastry Production, Tours and Travel dan sebagainya.

Rooms Division sendiri merupakan sebagai sebuah divisi di hotel yang terdiri gabungan departemen dan fungsi yang memiliki peran penting dan bertanggung jawab terhadap penyediaan dan pemesanan kamar berikut memberikan pelayanan jasa kebersihan, perawatan dan pemeliharaan kamar serta area-area umum di hotel, termasuk penyediaan pencucian pakaian tamu serta pencucian dan pemeliharaan linen yang digunakan oleh departemen lain.

Bagian yang bertanggung jawab dalam hal penyediaan dan pemesanan kamar adalah Front office Department atau Departemen Kantor Depan. Sedangkan bagian yang bertanggung jawab terhadap pelayanan jasa kebersihan, perawatan dan pemeliharaan kamar serta area-area umum adalah Housekeeping Department atau Departemen Tata Graha. Dalam lingkup Housekeeping ini, Laundry atau Binatu merupakan satu bagian di dalamnya yang bertanggung jawab terhadap jasa pelayanan pencucian pakaian tamu serta pencucian, penyimpanan dan pemeliharaan linen yang digunakan oleh Housekeeping maupun departemen lain.

Kurangnya minat para pelajar untuk mempelajari Housekeeping ini memang dapat dilihat dari perbedaan antara tugas yang dilakukan oleh Staff Housekeeping dengan Staff departemen lain. Dalam satu divisi sendiri di Rooms Division, antara Housekeeping dan Front office memiliki perbedaan yang sangat menonjol.

Front office yang bertanggung jawab terhadap penyediaan dan pemesanan kamar tamu memiliki penampilan pakaian seragam kerja (uniform) yang lebih rapi dengan dasi dan jas yang dikenakan oleh Staff Front office, sedangkan Staff Housekeeping hanya memiliki penampilan pakaian seragam yang biasa-biasa saja, seperti baju lengan pendek dengan celana panjang yang di beberapa hotel menambahinya dengan "aksesoris" garis vertical memanjang di sisi kanan kiri celana panjangnya.

Pemilihan pakaian seragam tersebut sebenarnya bukan tanpa alasan. Staff Front office setiap hari akan bertemu dengan tamu, baik yang datang untuk check in atau menginap, memesan kamar atau keperluan lain, dan juga datang untuk meninggalkan hotel atau check out. Pakaian di Front office yang dipilih secara tepat agar memberikan image atau kesan dan pandangan yang baik di mata tamu-tamu tidak hanya terhadap Staff atau departemen itu sendiri, namun juga terhadap hotel tersebut.

Sedangkan untuk Staff Housekeepingpun haras dipilih yang sesuai dengan suasana kerja dan beban kerja yang dilakukannya. Mengenakan pakaian seragam yang sepraktis mungkin serta senyaman mungkin merupakan hal yang diperhatikan untuk Staff Housekeeping mengingat tugas Staff Housekeeping yang 85% berada di lapangan, seperti tugas pembersihan dan perawatan area dibanding kerja administrasi. Seorang Room Attendant atau Public area Attendant tidak mungkin mengenakan dasi atau jas dalam melakukan tugasnya sehari-hari.

Namun pakaian kerja bukanlah alasan untuk tidak melirik Housekeeping, karena Housekeeping sendiri merupakan departemen yang sama derajat kepentingannya dengan departemen lain, seperti Front office, Food & Beverage Service dan Product, Sales & Marketing dan sebagainya.

Penanganan, pelayanan dan pemeliharaan yang terencana dengan baik dalam menuju standard kebersihan, kerapian dan kenyamanan yang menjadi tugas dan tanggung jawab Housekeeping di seluruh area hotel akan meyakinkan tamu akan kepuasan yang didapatkan. Ini merupakan peran besar dalam ruang lingkup pentingnya Housekeeping Department dalam setiap detak kehidupan hotel. Nyaman, bersih, rapi, indah dan terawatnya hotel merupakan jaminan bagi tamu untuk terus dapat menikmati hotel selama menginap dan jaminan akan kembalinya tamu ke hotel pada masa mendatang.

Hal lain yang perlu dipahami mengenai Housekeeping adalah bahwa departemen ini merupakan bagian yang memegang peranan yang sangat penting atas kelancaran operasional di setiap hotel. Apalagi tanggung jawabnya yang luas itu tidak hanya untuk pelayanan dan kepuasan tamu, namun juga untuk kepentingan departemen lain dan juga untuk manajemen.

Tidak ada satu departemenpun yang dapat menjalankan fungsi dan tugasnya dengan lancar tanpa mendapat pelayanan dari Housekeeping Department. Semua department tentu sangat memerlukan bantuan Housekeeping Department saat mereka akan menjalankan tugasnya. Seperti banquet, restaurant,front office, sales dan lain-lain.

Keyakinan dan kepercayaan diri ini yang sampai sekarang belum dapat ditanamkan kepada para calon hotelier yang ingin tumbuh dan berkembang di Housekeeping Department. Amat disayangkan sekali melihat kenyataan bahwa kebanyakan dari mereka bukanlah para hotelier lulusan sekolah pariwisata, melainkan mereka yang lulusan sekolah menengah atas yang memang mencari kerja.

Kalaupun ada di antara mereka yang lulusan sekolah pariwisata yang menekuni Housekeeping Department dan berhasil menduduki posisi puncak sebagai Executive Housekeeper, dan hingga posisi Rooms Division Manager, bahkan pada tingkat puncak sebagai General Manager di sebuah hotel, itupun masih dapat dihitung dengan jari, namun ini sudah dapat dijadikan sebagai contoh suatu keberhasilan, bahwa hotelier yang bekerja di Housekeeping Department juga dapat berhasil menjadi pimpinan puncak, bukan hanya sebagai pekerja yang sehari-harinya hanya mengurusi kebersihan kamar tamu, public area, toilet dan sebagainya.

Hal ini tinggal bagaimana meyakinkan para calon hotelier untuk dapat memahami fungsi dan posisi Housekeeping itu sendiri dan jenjang karier yang sama besar dan sama pentingnya dengan mereka yang bekerja di departemen lain yang mengenakan uniform rapi, mengingat keberhasilan seseorang bukan hanya dilihat dari departemennya atau pakaian kerjanya, namun dari potensi, bakat, kemampuan, keinginan besar dan antusiasme untuk dapat berkembang menuju keberhasilan.